Research

Artificial intelligence makes data more productive, but it also makes data more costly to govern. This paper asks where that governance cost shows up in firms' own risk disclosures. Using roughly 84000 firm-years of SEC annual filings for US listed firms from 1994 to 2023, the paper builds layered text and LLM measures to separate AI invention from AI adoption and relates both to disclosed attention to data breach risk. AI adoption is associated with roughly 5 per cent higher breach-risk attention relative to the sample mean; AI invention is economically negligible once both margins enter the same specification. The wedge survives an explicit non-AI digitisation placebo built from the same filings. Among adopters, breach-risk attention is highest where deployment is customer-facing. Firms that explicitly connect AI to breach vulnerability describe it as expanding exposure in 101 of 103 directional statements. Supplementary evidence from staggered state Data Breach Notification laws is directionally consistent with the disclosure results.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, data breach risk, corporate disclosure, Data Breach Notification laws, text-as-data, staggered difference-in-differences

JEL: O33, G38, D83, L86, K22

CBDC issuance remains rare even though central banks discuss it extensively. Using 37,814 speeches from 134 jurisdictions and a scored 2015--2025 sample of 15,906 speeches from 122 jurisdictions, the analysis builds country-year measures of CBDC commitment, technology salience, and stated constraints. Public commitment tracks agenda participation but adds little information about subsequent advancement beyond research once prior project stage is controlled for. More open capital accounts and, less consistently, greater central bank independence are negatively associated with advancement beyond research. Legal-regulatory concerns are the most consistently negative validated speech-based correlate.

Keywords: Central bank digital currency, central bank communication, financial innovation, institutional conservatism, text analysis

JEL: E42, E58, G28, O33

We measure international monetary policy spillovers using US-traded country ETFs, which provide real-time price discovery for foreign equity markets during Federal Reserve announcements. A geographic discontinuity validates our approach: ETF returns predict overnight index gaps only for markets closed during the announcement. A typical contractionary surprise generates immediate, universally negative spillovers, destroying approximately $280 billion in foreign equity value within thirty minutes. This transmission appears in every country examined, regardless of exchange rate regime, development level, or capital account openness. The unanimity and speed of these effects provide high-frequency evidence consistent with a global financial cycle driven by US monetary policy.

Keywords: International Spillovers, High-Frequency Identification, ETFs, Central Bank Information Shocks, Global Financial Cycle

JEL: E52, F36, F42, G14, G15

We analyse whether monetary policy transmits differentially across firms with varying environmental performance. Using high-frequency identification around FOMC announcements from 2005 to 2025, we decompose policy shocks into target and path components. Firms with superior environmental profiles exhibited substantial vulnerability to forward guidance before the Paris Agreement, reflecting the long-duration nature of sustainable investments. This sensitivity attenuated completely thereafter, coinciding with the deepening of green bond markets that enabled firms to neutralise duration exposure through enhanced hedging capacity. Conversely, clientele effects provided persistent insulation against current rate shocks throughout. Cross-sectional evidence indicates larger firms with superior market access exhibited attenuated vulnerability, consistent with hedging capacity mechanisms. Our findings demonstrate that environmental heterogeneity in transmission evolved with financial market development rather than reflecting immutable technological constraints.

Keywords: Monetary policy transmission, Environmental performance, ESG, High-frequency identification, Green bonds, Asset pricing

JEL: G12, G14, E52, Q54, G11

The rapid growth of sustainable investing, now exceeding 35 trillion USD globally, has transformed financial markets, yet the implications for monetary policy transmission remain underexplored. While existing literature documents heterogeneous firm responses to monetary policy through traditional channels such as size and leverage, it remains unknown whether environmental, social, and governance (ESG) characteristics create distinct transmission mechanisms. Using high-frequency identification around 160 Federal Reserve announcements from 2005 to 2025, we uncover an asymmetric pattern: high-ESG firms gain 1.6 basis points of protection from contractionary target surprises, yet suffer 2.6 basis points greater sensitivity to forward guidance shocks. This asymmetry persists within industries and intensifies with investor climate awareness. Remarkably, the Paris Agreement inverted these relationships: before December 2015, high-ESG firms were more vulnerable to contractionary policy within industries; afterward, they gained protection, representing a 186 basis point reversal. We develop a two-period model featuring heterogeneous investors with sustainability preferences that quantitatively matches these patterns. The model reveals how ESG investors' non-pecuniary utility creates differential demand elasticities, simultaneously protecting green firms from immediate rate changes while amplifying forward guidance vulnerability through their longer investment horizons. These findings establish environmental characteristics as a new dimension of monetary policy non-neutrality, with important implications as sustainable finance continues expanding.

Central banks increasingly use social media to communicate beyond financial markets, yet evidence on public engagement effectiveness remains limited. Despite 113 central banks joining Twitter between 2008 and 2018, we lack understanding of what drives audience interaction with their content. To examine engagement determinants, we analyzed 3.13 million tweets mentioning the Bank of England from 2007 to 2022, including 9,810 official posts. We investigate posting patterns, measure engagement elasticity, and identify content characteristics predicting higher interaction. The Bank's posting schedule misaligns with peak audience engagement times, with evening hours generating the highest interaction despite minimal posting. Cultural content, such as the Alan Turing 50 pound note, achieved 1,300 times higher engagement than routine policy communications. Engagement elasticity averaged 1.095 with substantial volatility during events like Brexit, contrasting with the Federal Reserve's stability. Media content dramatically increased engagement: videos by 1,700 percent, photos by 126 percent, while monetary policy announcements and readability significantly enhanced all metrics. Content quality and timing matter more than posting frequency for effective central bank communication. These findings suggest central banks should prioritize accessible, media-rich content during high-attention periods rather than increasing volume, with implications for digital communication strategies in fulfilling public transparency mandates.

This research presented an empirical investigation of the determinants of the net interest margin in Turkish Banking sector with a particular emphasis on the bank ownership structure. This study employed a unique bank-level dataset covering Turkey's commercial banking sector for the 2001-2012. Our main results are as follows. Operation diversity, credit risk and operating costs are important determinants of margin in Turkey. More efficient banks exhibit lower margin and also price stability contributes to lower margin. The effect of principal determinants such as credit risk, bank size, market concentration and inflation vary across foreign-owned, state-controlled and private banks. At the same time, the impacts of implicit interest payment, operation diversity and operating cost are homogeneous across all banks.

This paper discusses and assesses Istanbul as an international finance centre within the context of its position in the sector of Islamic finance. No doubt, Istanbul is a centre of business and culture of Turkey and the Turkish government is at present endeavouring to turn Istanbul into a regional finance centre in ten years and, furthermore, into one of the top international financial centre in thirty years. In this context we evaluate Istanbul's potential and position to assume the role of a hub for Islamic finance. Our main conclusions are as follows; the current image, legal and regulatory infrastructure and human capacity of Istanbul do not presently allow it to become an international finance centre. In contrast, if we consider its strategic location standing between the Middle East, Eurasia and Africa as well as its strong relations with Muslim countries, and, last but not least, its strong banking system, Istanbul has the potential to serve as a centre for Islamic finance provided that the government's ambitions remain focused in this direction.