Anthropic (2026). EconomicIndex. Dataset, revision 2ea58ff75e4247d26810c37f10c179edc2466cac; release 26 June 2026.
Appel, Ruth, Peter McCrory, Alex Tamkin, Miles McCain, Tyler Neylon, and Michael Stern (2025). Anthropic Economic Index report: Uneven geographic and enterprise AI adoption. arXiv preprint 2511.15080.
Bick, Alexander, Adam Blandin, and David J. Deming (2024). The Rapid Adoption of Generative AI. NBER Working Paper 32966; February 2025 revision used here.
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Danielle Li, and Lindsey Raymond (2025). Generative AI at Work. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 140(2), 889-942.
Chatterji, Aaron, Thomas Cunningham, David J. Deming, Zoe Hitzig, Christopher Ong, Carl Yan Shan, and Kevin Wadman (2025). How People Use ChatGPT. NBER Working Paper 34255.
Eloundou, Tyna, Sam Manning, Pamela Mishkin, and Daniel Rock (2023). GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models. arXiv preprint 2303.10130.
European Commission (n.d.). Crosswalk between ESCO and O*NET. Official crosswalk and technical documentation. Accessed 11 September 2026.
European Commission (n.d.). ESCO classification. Official occupation labels and descriptions; version 1.1.2 used here. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Eurostat (n.d.). Database: observation status flags. Official flag definitions and links to metadata. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Eurostat (n.d.). Employment by sex, age and occupation: EU Labour Force Survey annual data. Datasets lfsa_egai2d and lfsa_egais; source periods and flags retained. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Eurostat (n.d.). Structure of Earnings Survey. 2022 survey used for earnings sensitivities. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Fan, Rachel Yuting, and Ha Minh Nguyen (2026). Aggregate Gains from AI and Their Distribution: Global Evidence from Usage Data. IMF Working Paper 2026/147.
Felten, Ed, Manav Raj, and Robert Seamans (2023). How will Language Modelers like ChatGPT Affect Occupations and Industries?. arXiv preprint 2303.01157.
Felten, Edward, Manav Raj, and Robert Seamans (2021). Occupational, industry, and geographic exposure to artificial intelligence: A novel dataset and its potential uses. Strategic Management Journal, 42(12), 2195-2217.
Gmyrek, Paweł, Janine Berg, Karol Kamiński, Filip Konopczyński, Agnieszka Ładna, Balint Nafradi, Konrad Rosłaniec, and Marek Troszyński (2025). Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure. ILO Working Paper 140. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
Handa, Kunal, Alex Tamkin, Miles McCain, Saffron Huang, Esin Durmus, Sarah Heck, Jared Mueller, Jerry Hong, Stuart Ritchie, Tim Belonax, Kevin K. Troy, Dario Amodei, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, and Deep Ganguli (2025). Which Economic Tasks are Performed with AI? Evidence from Millions of Claude Conversations. arXiv preprint 2503.04761.
Hui, Xiang, Oren Reshef, and Luofeng Zhou (2024). The Short-Term Effects of Generative Artificial Intelligence on Employment: Evidence from an Online Labor Market. Organization Science, 35(6), 1977-1989.
Humlum, Anders, and Emilie Vestergaard (2025). Still Waters, Rapid Currents: Early Labor Market Transformation under Generative AI. NBER Working Paper 33777; revised March 2026.
International Labour Organization (n.d.). ILOSTAT bulk download facility. Annual employment by sex and occupation; source-specific populations and classifications retained. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Massenkoff, Maxim, and Peter McCrory (2026). Labor market impacts of AI: A new measure and early evidence. Anthropic research report, 5 March; accompanying appendix, pp. 2-4, supplies the exposure algebra.
Massenkoff, Maxim, Eva Lyubich, Szymon Sacher, Zoe Hitzig, Shaoyi Zhang, Ryan Heller, and Peter McCrory (2026). Anthropic Economic Index report: Cadences. Anthropic research report, 26 June.
Noy, Shakked, and Whitney Zhang (2023). Experimental evidence on the productivity effects of generative artificial intelligence. Science, 381(6654), 187-192.
O*NET Resource Center (2026). O*NET Database 30.2. February 2026 release, available in the database archive.
OECD (2026). The OECD AI exposure measure: Mapping the OECD AI Capability Indicators to occupations. OECD Artificial Intelligence Papers, No. 59. Paris: OECD Publishing.
OECD (n.d.). Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC): 2nd Cycle Database. Public-use data and codebooks. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Office for National Statistics (2026). Labour demand volumes by Standard Occupation Classification (SOC 2020), UK. ONS/Textkernel new online adverts, January 2017-July 2026; release 21 August 2026.
Office for National Statistics (n.d.). Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings: Occupation (4 digit SOC), Table 14. Annual paid hours and earnings for UK employees. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Office for National Statistics (n.d.). SOC2020 Volume 2: Coding rules and conventions. Official coding index and ISCO-08 links. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Office for National Statistics, Nomis (n.d.). Annual Population Survey. Residence-based occupation employment and source-quality information. Accessed 11 September 2026.
Tomlinson, Kiran, Sonia Jaffe, Will Wang, Scott Counts, and Siddharth Suri (2025). Working with AI: Measuring the Applicability of Generative AI to Occupations. arXiv preprint 2507.07935.
United Nations Statistics Division (n.d.). Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49). Statistical geography registry. Accessed 11 September 2026.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics (2026). Table 1.2: Occupational projections, 2025-35, and worker characteristics, 2025. National Employment Matrix; 2025 base-year employment used here.
US Bureau of Labor Statistics (n.d.). Employment Projections: Definitions. Employment Matrix population and employment definitions. Accessed 11 September 2026.